Acadia First Nation is composed of five reserves spread throughout the southwestern shore of Nova Scotia. It gained official status May 13, 1971 - prior to that it was represented only by a spokesperson. In 1968 the elders of the region decided to form a united band at a general meeting in Digby. Three years later Charles Labrador was elected chief by the approximately 20 eligible voters at the time.
The band was originally supposed to operate by traditional custom. Once a chief was appointed, only death or majority vote could remove him from office. It was also expected that upon his death, his eldest son would become the new chief. In 1978, however, Chief Labrador resigned, and the vacancy was filled by the toss of a coin! Two candidates vied for the position, Charles Paul and Joseph Frank Jeremy, and when voting ended in a tie, a Department of Indian Affairs representative tossed a coin, with Charles Paul coming out as the winner.
Acadia First Nation is unique in that its five reserves are located across three counties, with approximately 850 band members living both on and off reserve. It is a 'custom' band which means that all members are permitted to vote regardless of whether they live on reserve. The reserves are Yarmouth (Yarmouth County, established in 1887), Wildcat (Queen's County, established in1820), Ponhook (Queen's County, established in1843), Gold River (Lunenburg County, established in1820), and Medway (Queen's County, established in 1865).
Yarmouth Reserve is located on 27.57 hectares of land just off a busy stretch of road adjacent to the Yarmouth Airport, about 3 kilometers east of the town of Yarmouth. Prior to 1986, the reserve was situated on swampy and inferior land, with a Reserve Road acting as a barrier dividing native and non-native land. The town dump was near one end of the native property and caused many health problems. In 1986, however, the band started negotiations to purchase land opposite the reserve, the price of which was reduced when it was discovered the land's proximity to the airport decreased its value. The Yarmouth Reserve's land area makes up only three percent of the Acadia Band, making it the second smallest reserve in the band, though it has a greater population than the other reserves combined.
The Yarmouth Reserve is composed of two roads - the Reserve Road where the majority of residences are located, providing access to the reserve and extending through the entire reserve, and the recently added extension, Luxey's Lane, which was named after a former chief, Louis Luxey. It intersects the main road. Development on Luxey's Lane has only recently started but the Band Office is at one end of the lane, and it forms the nucleus of the community and is the centre for many of the community's events. Underneath the band office is the Acadia First Nation Child Care Initiative Program, which is operated in cooperation with Kina'matnewey, and provides services to the non-native community as well. The coordinator is Marcella Simon and the teacher is Kathy Pictou.
Economic development has increased in the past ten years on the Yarmouth Reserve. Though there are still only a few businesses on the reserve, they are reminders that native businesses can be successful. "Your Winners World" is probably the best example of a thriving native owned business. A band operated gaming facility and convenience store, its profits go to the people of the band. Established in February 1997, it employs thirteen people, six of whom are band members. As well, seven band members supervise the store as its Board of Directors, and the store itself is a pivotal step toward the band's self-reliance. Management staff: Rachel Falls - Manager, Shelley Foster and Tina Goodwin - Assistant Managers, Wayne Fish - Comptroller.
Next to "Your Winners World" is "S.A.V.Enterprise Gas Bar and Convenience", established by Vaughan Pictou in November, 1993. Initially operating solely as a gas bar and convenience store, Pictou was later able to offer auto repairs and sales. It now employs five people, two of whom are band members. The manager of S.A.V.Enterprise is Wayne Cummings. A role model for young Mi'kmaq, Pictou believes in contributing to the community. He sponsors the Acadia Band Academic Achievement Award Night and contributed to the launching of the First Acadia Band Pow Wow in Yarmouth. Pictou has also financed the construction of the community basketball court, school bus stops, and he has enabled a number of children to attend summer camp each year.
Doris and Bob Bartlett operate a more traditional business located at the reserve entrance in a unique triangular building. They produce and sell a variety of Mi'kmaw handcrafts.
Yarmouth Reserve recently acquired 2300 acres of land in Gardeners Mill near Kemptville in Yarmouth County. Generously donated to the Acadia First Nation by Mr. John Cook, the land is located amid pleasant rural surroundings and has potential for numerous economic opportunities. A forestry project is currently being conducted on the land, though the exact future of the land is undetermined.
Wildcat Reserve is the largest reserve in the Acadia First Nation, with 465.4 hectares of land - larger than the other four reserves combined. Approximately 170 kilometers southwest of Halifax, the reserve is beside the Wildcat River, where the scenery is spectacular. Established in 1820, Wildcat is a native settlement that has managed to maintain its traditional activities such as hunting, trapping, fishing, and canoeing. Wildcat River flows around a little island positioned behind the band office. The island is the site of a picnic area that is used for community gatherings. A camp ground resulting from a student project is in development, and it is hoped the campground's exotic location will make it a great tourist attraction. It is also hoped that a museum will eventually be established on the reserve. The community itself is composed of tightly knit families, with homes dispersed along a dirt road in this bucolic setting. Each home is divided from the next by a large section of trees, and it makes living in the community both peaceful and private.
Local elders like Frank Jeremy play an integral role in conserving the community's traditional foundation. Jeremy, a respected elder in the Wildcat community, has a business, "Wildcat River Outfitters", which promotes Mi'kmaw culture. He offers canoes, kayaks, boats, and bikes for public rental, but the most important feature of his business is that customers can hire guides to take them through Queen's County wilderness by canoe. Along with a good knowledge of Mi'kmaw history, Jeremy and his guides are also experts in interpreting Mi'kmaw petroglyphs, which can be seen in the Kejimkujik National Park. Wildcat River Outfitters employs seven people, three of whom are band members: Joseph F. Jeremy - President, Mike Jeremy - Director, and Scott Jeremy - Director and Bookkeeper.
The Wildcat General Store has stood next to the band office for almost a year. Though privately owned, the handmade Mi'kmaw crafts sold there draw non-natives into the community, thus promoting Mi'kmaw culture. It employs three people, one of whom is a band member.
Gold River Reserve is situated on 270.2 hectares of land off of Highway 103 near Chester Basin in Chester County. Local myths claim the the first settlers in the area panned for gold in the river adjacent to the reserve, which is how it got its name. The Gold River Reserve is quite large in comparison to some of the other reserves in the band. Despite its rural setting, however, the community is still affected by the problems associated with industry. Opposite the river power lines run right through the reserve, somewhat detracting from the natural beauty of its location. The arsenic level in the vicinity can cause difficulties - with the level sometimes making the water undrinkable.
Economic development at Gold River is still in its infancy. In January of 1998, "Gold Reserves", a gaming facility like the one in Yarmouth was opened, governed by the same gaming commission as "Your Winners World". Twelve people are employed at the store, eight full-time and four part-time, with nine of the employees being band members. As in Yarmouth, there is a convenience store operating out of the same site. Due to the present success of business in Yarmouth, Gold River Reserve has great expectations.
Ponhook Reserve's isolated rural environment makes it an ideal summer time resort. Its 101.8 hectares of land are a perfect place to take a family vacation or just get away from the hectic pace of urban life. Ponhook Lake is next to the reserve, where there is ample privacy for swimming, boating, or canoeing, and the wilderness provides great shelter for camping. Ponhook is located just off Highway Eight on the Indian Garden Road, about 40 kilometers northwest of Milton. There is little activity on the reserve, with the season dictating the number of people present in the community. In summer people come to vacation, while in winter native people arrive to participate in more traditional activities such as hunting, with the band occasionally sponsoring craft projects in the community.
Though a quiet community, Ponhook has had its share of controversy. In 1930, Nova Scotia Power dammed five lakes to make a single lake for a hydroelectric dam. The flooding produced by the dams submerged part of the reserve. Acres of traditional native hunting land were lost and sacred burial grounds were destroyed. In 1974 a land claim was filed by the Acadia First Nation against the Nova Scotia government for lost lands. Though it has been nearly twenty-five years, this issue still remains unresolved. About fifty acres have been regained by the band, but there is still uncertainty regarding how much property was originally lost. The band claims there are still fifty acres under water and another two hundred acres that were sold illegally. During the period of the flooding, native people and their land were the responsibility of Indian agents, none of whom were natives. The land was rich in natural resources and especially attractive to logging companies in the vicinity. Indian agents recognized the opportunity to make substantial profits and sold the land without regard to the inhabitants of the reserve who were subsequently forced to leave their homes.
Today, members of the Ponhook community are not optimistic about their chances of resolving the issue in their favour. Regardless of the outcome, there is a feeling that the fight must be continued so that the Canadian government honours its promise to preserve native land.
Medway Reserve, on 4.3 hectares of land, is the smallest reserve in the Acadia First Nation, lying approximately 155 kilometres southwest of Halifax and 40 kilometres south of Bridgewater. It is located on the shores of the Medway River in Queen's County. Very few band members inhabit the land, and it remains essentially virgin property.
Head of the Acadia First Nation is the charismatic Chief Deborah Robinson. In 1987 she became the first woman to be elected chief of the band. The Council is comprised of the following councillors (as of June 18, 2005): Tom Pictou, Darlene Coulton, Debra Wentzell, Edwin Benham, Charmaine Stevens, Michael Paul, Todd Labrador, and Andrew Francis. The number of councillors elected depends on bylaws - less than fifteen years ago, for example, there were only three councillors elected, and the number increased from six to eight in 2005.
As of October, 2006 the population of Acadia First Nation was as follows:
Registered Males on Reserve..............99
Registered Females on Reserve.......82
Registered Males on Other Reserves........ 2
Registered Females on Other Reserves..........0
Registered Males/Females on Crown Land ........ 0
Registered Males on No Band Crown Land .......... 1
Registered Females on No Band Crown Land .........0
Registered Males Living Off - Reserve.......398
Registered Females Living Off - Reserve....... 461
Total ........... 1043
Research for this outline of Acadia First Nation collected and compiled courtesy of Curtis Falls. Population statistics from Indian Affairs.
Annapolis Valley First Nation is located in King's County, Nova Scotia, ten kilometers southwest of the township of Kentville and one hundred and fourteen kilometers northwest of Halifax. The reserve encompasses 144.9 hectares of land, surrounded by two mountains. The mountain to the north has an elevation of 600 feet above the valley floor, while the southern mountain reaches a height of 500 feet. Beyond the mountain to the north lies the Bay of Fundy, a natural habitat of lobster where the community normally harvests its stock of seafood. The fresh water Cornwallis River, a good source of trout, flows through the southern part of the reserve.
Annapolis Valley First Nation was established February 9, 1880. The land had originally been purchased by the province of Nova Scotia from Albert A. Webster. In addition to this 34.8 acres, the band also owns 200 acres of woodland in Hants County. Until 1950, the community was monitored by an Indian agent, Mr. Rice, who travelled from Indian Brook reserve to deliver ration certificates. These cheques or certificates allowed people to purchase foodstuffs. By 1950, however, John Toney had been elected chief and a band council was created. The services of the Indian agent were no longer required.
In the late 1940's Indian Brook reserve offered houses to a number of families from Annapolis Valley. This meant that a large segment of the population moved to Indian Brook, resulting in a breakdown in language and culture. Today, Annapolis Valley First Nation is struggling to regain its identity. As of October 2006, the total population was 232 - 95 on - reserve and 137 living off the reserve.
In the summer of 1986 the Annapolis Valley reserve had the honour of hosting the Indian Summer Games. This event turned out to be tremendously successful, with over four thousand people attending. In July of 1997, the community held its first pow wow, Mawiomi, bringing together many different people for the celebration.
In a thirty year period there have been six chiefs of the Annapolis Valley First Nation:
Bear River, or Muin Sipu, is located twenty kilometers northeast of Digby, Nova Scotia. Two fresh water rivers flow through the reserve, which is near the Bay of Fundy. The Surveyor - General of Nova Scotia referred to the land this way in 1801: "One thousand acres described as follows, vis. beginning on the western side of the south branch of Bear River at the distance of twenty-eight chains on a course south. Sixty - six degrees east from the south eastern angle of land granted Christopher Benson, thence to run south twenty - four degrees west one hundred chains - thence north twenty - four degrees west one hundred chains to the rear line of said Benson land. Thence south sixty - six degrees east along said rear line and vacant land one hundred chains to the place of beginning containing one thousand according to the plan." The land base itself exceeds 1600 acres, with a pipeline owned by Nova Scotia Power running through the east branch of the community. In recent years Bear River has tried to come to an agreement with N.S. Power to bury the pipeline so that the movement of wildlife is not obstructed.
More recently, the community has built an area behind the church to use as the site for a sacred fire. In 1988, Muin Sipu began construction of a multi-purpose building, 40' x 80', for community use. In 1989, Steve Meuse opened a variety store at the band hall. In October of 1993 Bear River officially opened their school, along with a swimming pool, playground, and tennis and basketball courts.
In 1801 Indian Affairs allotted Muin Sipu or Bear River 1000 acres, with an additional 600 acres granted in later years. By the 1830's Bear River had become one of the most thriving reserves in the province due to the increasing size of its population. In August of 1831 the community established its own church.
In the summer months of the nineteenth century, the people of Bear River hunted porpoise in the Bay of Fundy. Meat from the porpoises was used by the community, while the oil that was rendered was bottled and sold as machine lubricant both locally in Digby, and in Saint John, New Brunswick. In 1936, Dr. Alexander Leighton of Smith's Cove interviewed and recorded on film several elders from Bear River and Lequille who remembered the heyday of the porpoise hunt when they travelled from forest to coast during May and June. Their twenty foot canoes carried whole families and materials to make wigwams for the summer long hunt. Hunters often took 150-200 porpoises a season, sometimes harvesting as many as 13 a day. Of particular note was the reknowned porpoise hunter Malti Pictou, reputed to have killed 400 porpoises in a single season, along with blackfish, white whales, and seals.
In 1988 Bear River began a forestry management project. Ash trees have been planted on 445 acres of reserve land. Additionally, the community began efforts to enhance wild atlantic salmon stocks for a native fishery. A goal of the project is to identify where salmon spawn in the river and build spawning beds at these locations.
Bear River separated from the Union of Nova Scotia Indians, a tribal council incorporated in 1970 to act as a unified political voice for Nova Scotia Mi'kmaq, in 1987. Since that time, Bear River joined the Confederacy of Mainland Micmacs, a Mi'kmaw controlled group incorporated in 1986 which provides reserves with financial management and economic development advisory services.
The band council is presided over by Chief Frank Meuse Jr. The councillors are Dawn Mc Ewan and James Harlow. Elections are slated for December 7th, 2007.
Eskasoni is located on the north side of East Bay, Nova Scotia on the shores of the Bras d'Or Lakes, about 50 kilometres from Sydney along Route 4, exiting at Route 216. The word 'Eskasoni' is derived from the Mi'kmaw word 'We'kwistoqnik', which means 'where the fir trees are plentiful'. Its permanent boundaries were first charted by the Surveyor-General of Cape Breton in 1832, and consisted at that time of 2800 acres of land. Eskasoni officially became a reserve in 1834, though there were few families living in the area at the time.
The main thoroughfare in Eskasoni is the Shore Road, five and a half miles long with many smaller streets and roads branching off it. The Shore Road was paved as far as Castle Bay in 1960, and by the 1980's the paving had been completed. Eskasoni is the largest reserve in Nova Scotia at 14.7 square miles or 3504.6 hectares of land. The region is quite steep, reaching an elevation of 150 metres at the top of the Boisdale Hills. Two freshwater brooks, Indian Brook at the eastern end of the reserve, and Christmas Brook in the centre of the reserve, provide drainage. All development is based at the foot of the hills along the shores of the Bras d'Or Lakes, which are also suitable areas for oyster and salmon fisheries.
According to the census of 1871, there were 125 people living in Eskasoni, whose various trades were recorded as fishermen, farmers, basketmakers, and quillworkers. Twenty years later, in 1891, the population had dwindled to 80. The federal government began a policy of centralization during the 1940's that involved moving Mi'kmaq families from surrounding reserves to Eskasoni. With this insurge of people, the government decided to expand the boundaries of the reserve to include land from the Castle Bay area, so that today, Eskasoni is comprised of approximately 8860 acres, with a population of 3808 registered band members (as of October 2006). It is interesting to note that the majority of the residents of Eskasoni (55%) are under twenty years of age, and the birth rate is four to five times greater than the rest of the island's.
There are a number of economic development organizations operating in Eskasoni, including:
As well, there are numerous private entrepreneurs including:
The community also operates the Tobacco Revenue/Gaming Commission. Community funds come from profits derived from the Gaming CCoommission, High Stakes Bingo, and the Tobacco Wholesale Community fund. General Manager is Leonard Denny, with gaming employees Lisa DiPietro and Levi Denny. Tobacco wholesale employees are Roger Stevens, and Charlotte Young, and the telephone number is 902-379-2930.
Eskasoni Social Services is responsible for the welfare of Eskasoni residents and the maintenance of their homes. Located in the Eskasoni Band Office on Shore Road in Castle Bay, the telephone number is 902-379-2790. Annette Dennis is the Supervisor; Richard Poulette and Walter Young - Welfare Officers; Madonna Johnson - Financial Clerk; Anne E. Paul - Supervisor Clerk; Sharon Johnson and Claudine Toney - Welfare Clerks.
The Eskasoni Social Work Service provides individual, marital, group, and family counselling, as well as counselling in grief, stress management, sexual abuse, crisis, post-traumatic stress, and anger management. The Social Work Service also provides formal and informal assessments, home based family and children's programs, behaviour management programs, parenting skills programs, community agency networking, Outreach Services to the elderly, mentally and physically challenged and to teens, professional field placement supervision, and advocacy services. The Director, Program Manager, and Clinical Therapist is Sr. Franklyn Ferguson, who lives and works in the First Nation community of Eskasoni, and whose major focus is clinical therapy work with individuals, families, and groups. Other staff memebrs include Daphne Hutt, Psychologist and Clinical Therapist; Thomas Sylliboy, Mental Health Worker; Leta Bernard, Program Worker; Sr. sarah Francis, Outreach Worker; Karen francis, Activities Coordinator; and Wilma Simon, Home Visito. The staff of Eskasoni Social Work Service believes that 'every human being is unique, of incalculable worth, and regardless of sex, creed, social class, stage of development, level of competence or disability, commands reverence and respect'. Located in the Eskasoni Band Council Building, R.R. #2, east Bay, N.S. B0A 1H0, telephone 902-379-2910, fax 902-379-2172.
Mi'kmaq Family & Children's Services of N. S. provides child welfare and family services to Mi'kmaw women, men, and children and promotes the well being of Mi'kmaw families. Among its goals and principles are the belief in community values and traditions, that communities know their own needs and can develop their own responses with encouragement and assistance, and the development of training and educational plans that meet individual and program needs. As well,Mi'kmaq Family & Children's Services promotes and supports cultural enrichment activities that do not include alcohol, drugs, or violence; telephone 902-379-2433.
The Eskasoni Community Health Centre has programs that include immunization, disease control, care for acute or palliative patients, diabetes clinics, nutrition/health education, dental therapy, pre- and post natal and lamaze classes, environental/occupational health and safety, health information systems. The telephone number is 902-379-2666. Eskasoni also has a Health Canada Dental Clinic, 902-379-2302. There is a Native Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselling Association operating out of Eskasoni, 902-379-2262, and the community based Mi'kmaw Lodge Treatment Centre, 902-379-2267. Ambulance service, telephone 902-379-2052, is provided by EMC, and emergency medical service workers are bilingual, speaking both English and Mi'kmaq. Noel J. Simon is the Supervisor, with paramedics - Marques Simon, Steven Simon, and Noel Dennis. For on reserve medical care, residents may go to Dr. Virick's Clinic, staffed by Drs. Khalifa, Crosbie, and Myers, telephone 902-379-2500. Eskasoni Pharmacy, 902-379-2727, is staffed by pharmacist Aklane Thiphuong, technicians Lisa Francis-Anderson, Amanda Francis, and Lisa Stroud, secretary Mary Googoo, and Nurse Jane Mac Keigan.
W.A. Chant Funeral Services - Chant's Funeral Home, is operated by W. A. Chant, who provides services for Mi'kmaw people within the reserve. Apprentice funeral director is Jessie Francis, who is bilingual and an interpreter. Sheldon Chant is responsible for attending salites and wakes on the Eskasoni reserve, and for providing free memorial cards, obituary listings, family flowers, and thank you cards. The number for this business is 902-379-2838.
The Mi'kmaq Young Offender Project is a program for high risk children falling under certain categories: pre-charge level, post-charge level (talking circle), court/legal level, pre-disposition level (sentencing circle), correctional level (re-integration), probation/supervision. This project works in a number of reserves on the mainland, too, and is always in need of volunteers in Cape Breton. The bilingual staff includes the director Paula Marshall, Anthony Morris, who is an affiliate under the Mi'kmaq Justice Institute, youth liaison officer Mary Ellen Paul, youth justice worker Ruby Ann Paul, Marie Sack, youth worker (mainland), and Dale Sylliboy, community placement coordinator. This innovative project uses a healing approach for both victim and perpetrator, with the involvement of parents, counsellors, and the police. Last year 80 talking circles were completed in an attempt to help youths make healthy choices. (The talikng circle is specifically intended for first time offenders under Section 4 of the Young Offenders Act.) Additionally, there is a community based B Brothers Program, and the Grand Chief Donald Marshall aboriginal Camp for High Risk Kids.
The Eskasoni Fire Department includes both a full time and a volunteer staff of thirty-five personnel. Simone Jeddore is the Fire Chief, who works in conjunction with the Deputy Chief Norman Morris, District Fire Chief John Bernard, and Captain Norman Virick Morris. The volunteer staff includes the following: William Stevens (electrician), Frank Gould, Sheridan Gould, Roderick Herney, Leroy Denny (water rescue), Tom Poulette (crowd control), Kenny Googoo (crowd control), Steven Simon (paramedic), Neil Simon (medic), Noel Dennis (medic), Joe Marshall (medic). Four portables serve each ward.
The Eskasoni Fish and Wildlife Commission operates out of the reserve with Executive Director Charlie Dennis and Assistant Director Dianne Denny. Other personnel include: Shelly Denny, Cheryl Berube - Biologists, Gwen Poulette - Accountant, Peter Marshall, Rodney Alex, Robert Gould, Albert Toney, Lester Michael, Raymond Prosper, Blair Bernard - Fishery Guardians, Thomas Johnson, Fabian Francis, Eugene Denny - GIS Technicians, Allison Abraham - Supervisor Gillis Cove, Cheyanne Gorman, Cheryl Johnson, Helen Prosper, Reggis Sylliboy Jr. - Field Workers, Dean Denny, Eric Stevens - General Labour
94.1 FM is a radio station operated by Gregory Johnson which promotes local native and First Nations talent and cultural events. Its program schedule includes a variety of musical styles, free birthday and anniversary requests, book readings, etc., and 94.1 FM works closely with Native Alcohol and Drug. Its schedule includes native stories and legends, and there are often guests who speak on topics of cultural or spiritual interest. It provides numerous services to Eskasoni such as community and emergency notices and to that end works in cooperation with the police department. The advertising policy of 94.1 FM is dedicated to promoting healthy lifestyles, and the station also advertises food drives and other charitable causes. In addition to Gregory Johnson, the station is also staffed by three regular volunteer s. For more information call 902-379-2955.
Golivision Community Channel operates out of Eskasoni and is owned by Albert Julian. Three volunteers staff Golivision, whose programming includes community notices, educational movies, emergency notices, bilingual programs, etsc. Golivision can be contacted at 902-379-2020.
The Ksite'taqnk Day Care Centre is a non-profit organization open to working parents, foster parents and secondary and post secondary students. Operating under the Eskasoni School Board, which provides policy direction, financial management, and overall administration, Ksite'taqnk Day Care is staffed by coordinator Miranda Bernard and five Early Childhood educators: Bella Battiste, Dorothy Francis, Margaret Elaine Paul, Jackie Simon, Arlene Sylliboy, with T.E.C. co-op student Shauna Sylliboy. Children enrolled in the full day program are normally in the age range of 2-3, while older children may be enrolled in the half day program. Ksite'taqnk offers pre-school books, cultural themes, a curriculum, and speakers from the community, and strives to create a healthy, stimulating, and enjoyable environment for children in its care. Telephone number is 902-379-2017.
The Eskasoni School Board, 902-379-2507, also oversees operation of the Eskasoni Elementary and Junior High School, 902-379-2825, and the Eskasoni High School , 902-379-300, both located on the reserve.
Since its inception in 1990, the Unama'ki Training and Education Centre has become one of the leading aboriginal educational facilities in the maritimes. Its programs are planned to meet the specific needs of its participants, whether the level is basic literacy or university entrance, and TEC also offers training courses with occupational certification. Instructors are fluently bilingual (Mi'kmaq and English), and the facilities are Nova Scotia Department of Education certified. Programs operating out of TEC include: TEC Day Program (pre-employment and computer assisted learning), GED Training, Night School (computer assisted learning in English or Mathematics), Educational Upgrading, Basic Upgrading, Mi'kmaq Reading and Writing, Computer Literacy, Writing Class, Academic Re-entry, Word Perfect Summer course, UCCB Access (classroom/workshop support to gain entrance to full time university studies), Alternate Grade 9, Internet Course, Occupational Training. The telephone number for additional information is 902-379-2758, or visit the TEC website at Unama'ki Training and Education Centre.
The Eskasoni band council is comprised of a chief and twelve councillors: Chief Charlie Joe Dennis, and Councillors - Athanasius Junie Kid Sylliboy, Derek Robert Johnson, Mary Lou Gould, Bertram Bernard, Chris Jipo'l Stevens, Eldon Gould, Leroy Denny, Peggy Ann Dennis, Lindsay Clement Paul, Charles Blaise Young, Virick Francis, and Nelson Inkin Young. Telephone numbers for the band council are 902-379-2800, 902-379-2172 (Fax).
All research for this outline of Eskasoni First Nation collected and compiled courtesy of Florence Dennis and Denise Toney; population statistics from Indian Affairs.
Glooscap First Nation is a small community located approximately 70 kilometers southwest of Halifax, Nova Scotia. It lies within the boundaries of Kings County, about six kilometers from the town of Hantsport. Glooscap First Nation is made up of 171.1 hectares of land, primarily undeveloped forest, though forestry management is ongoing. The easiest way to find the reserve by car is to exit Highway 101 to the Ben Jackson Road until the intersection at Bishopville Road is reached. Turn right on Bishopville Road and continue for 2 kilometers until the entrance to Glooscap First Nation is visible on the right. Since this entrance is obscured by trees, the entrance to the reserve is quite difficult to find for the uninitiated! Glooscap First Nation has two residential streets - Smith Road and Pater Road, which extend through most of the community's hilly terrain.
The Glooscap First Nation band is funded through contribution agreements with Health Canada and DIAND. Other agreements are also in place for economic development, education, and with the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. The band has 275 members with approximately half living off reserve. It is one of several bands in the province that are "custom", which refers to the method of band elections. Under custom, all band members of voting age participate in the elections held every three years, regardless of residency. Glooscap includes all of its members, both on and off reserve, in meetings, referendums, votes, by-laws, programs, and activities.
The band office was completed in June of 1995, and houses offices for staff as well as the Community Hall. Chief of Glooscap First Nation is Shirley Clarke. The support staff consists of a band manager, economic development officer, native employment officer, social development administrator, education counsellor, community health nurse, community health representative, drug and alcohol counsellor, maintenance/security worker, and administrative assistant/clerk. Technical support services are provided by the Confederacy of Mainland Micmacs.
A five year gaming agreement is now in place with the province of Nova Scotia , wherein Glooscap First Nation operates a "game room" at the Horton Variety Store under the authority of the Gaming Commission. Profits made from this operation are used to fund various projects and assist the membership as a whole. The membership of Glooscap decides what is to be done with gaming revenues. For instance, paving reserve roads, assisting off reserve members in special needs, and even the Horton Variety itself constitute some of these projects.
Located on reserve land, the Horton Variety Store is band owned. It has five permanent employees and four students are also hired every summer in addition to project workers throughout the year. Training programs are conducted each year and result in welfare savings which are then reinvested in the community. At present there are a total of twenty employees working at the store.
All research for this outline of Glooscap First Nation collected and compiled courtesy of Curtis Falls.
The Indian Brook First Nation is approximately 8 kilometres west of the village of Shubenacadie, 40 kilometres south of Truro, and 80 kilometres north of Halifax. Established on May 8, 1820, lands near Shubenacadie, New Ross, Pennel, and Grand Lake, were allotted to the 'Shubenacadie Band of Indians'. These lands totalled 3,050 acres, and the Shubenacadie Mi'kmaq occupied and used most of the lands in what is now mainland Nova Scotia. There were extensive settlements from Pictou to western portions of the province though the lands weren't surveyed until 1820. Indian Brook was also the site of an historically important event. A most significant treaty - one that has been referred to as the "Magna Carta of native Aboriginal rights" - was signed there in 1752. Dealing with lands, hunting, fishing, trapping, gathering, and trading, this treaty forms the very foundation of aboriginal rights settlements in Canada today.
During the 1970's the Shubenacadie community discovered its original name had been changed by a priest named Father Henri Boudreau upon his arrival. The band has since reverted to its original name - "Indian Brook" - though the "Shubenacadie Band Council" remains the legal name of the organization respresenting the five communities of Indian Brook, New Ross, Pennal, Dodd's Lot, and Grand Lake. The people of the community refer to it as Indian Brook or "Shubie" depending upon the age of the speaker. Presently, as more and more community members are embracing the Mi'kmaw language and culture, the Indian Brook community is also being referred to as "L'nu Si'puk", and more recently as "Sipekni'katik".
There are a number of businesses operated within the Indian Brook First Nation reserve:
The Eagle's Nest Recovery House is Nova Scotia's first native long term alcohol/substance abuse recovery centre. Built in the spring of 1989, the split level, T-shaped structure provides a relaxed setting for up to seven clients who may be in four to six month recovery programs. It has five resident bedrooms (three singles and two doubles), kitchen, dining room, laundry facilities, counselling rooms, offices, reception area, client lounge, arts and crafts room, recreation room, training room, quiet room, doctor's examining room and N.A.D.A.C.A. sub-offices.
The Recovery House is a "halfway house" program designed to encourage clients to blend into the mainstream of day to day life. Potential clients must meet certain requirements before admission and must be totally free from addictive substances. They must have completed a short term treatment program within the year, and undergo a thorough evaluation by Recovery House staff in areas of social, family, medical, financial, educational, employment, and dependency history. Applicants must also have a medical clearance indicating their medical and psychological profile. Applicants must be cooperative and abide by house rules and able to help with general housekeeping duties. Finally, they must be willing to secure outside employment or training and socialize with others in the program and community.
Programs are relaxed and flexible enough to meet a wide range of needs, and can easily be adapted to deal with changing situations. The following list gives some indication of the types of services that make up the current program: round table discussions, silva culture, agriculture, craft workshops and sales, cooking and housecleaning, social skills programs, recreation therapy, financial counselling, community programming (Indian Brook and area), day work and volunteer services, occupational therapy, landscaping and grounds maintenance, Christmas tree farming, life skills programs, cultural programs, employment counselling, community work experience training, and sports and recreational programs - social clubs, craft shows, etc. There are also family support programs available at the Recovery House - ALANON and ALATEEN - as well as a series of family counselling/financial planning/education/life programs.
The Medical Services Health Centre houses the offices of the Community Health representatives Geno Knockwood and Lesley Knockwood and the Community Nurse Susan Ross. It also houses the Education and Wellness Centre and the Education Centre. The Education Director is Doris Maloney, who is responsible for liaisons with elementary, secondary, and post-secondary counselling services as well as university students on and off the Indian Brook First Nation community, and for student transportation services. Native student advisors include Madeline Michael (Principal/Teacher), Gregory Marr - Kindergarten; Mary Lou Bernard, Stephanie Gehue, Rebecca Julian (Native Studies Teacher), Leanne Maloney, Lyn Sack (Grade 3 Teacher), Amy Ward - Elementary; Sharon Culvertson, Geraldine Maloney - Secondary.
Indian Brook First Nation Wellness Programs began in 1994 to assess the needs of children, youths, and parents. They provide specific programming for ages 0-24 including parenting programs, individual and family counselling, a youth support worker for grades 6,7, & 8, and material resources. The children's development staff consists of Sally Gehue, Terry Knockwood, and Tina Sack.
There is other educational support, with an After School Program; Summer Educational Support Program which offers a quiet environment for students to study, become computer literate, get academic tutoring or have access to a reference library; Suspension Support Program where any Indian Brook student suspended from school must report during their suspension period and complete a work package. There are also individual tutors available for specific academic subjects, and both the Suspension Program and After School Program offer tutoring. The education support staff is Jenny Sack, Christian Michael, and Mary Lou Barnard (Adult Literacy Facilitator).
A Mi'kmaq Young Offenders Program is an alternative to formal court designed to implement a restorative youth justice process for first time young offenders (ages 12-17). A young person who is willing to take responsibility for his or her actions may be referred to the program by police or the crown prosecutor, and invited to participate in an Alternative Measures Talking Circle, where all concerned parties meet to discuss the offence and its consequences. The parties try to resolve the issues and discuss how the youth may make amends for his/her particular actions, and upon completion of the agreement, the young person will not have a criminal record. Most importantly, the community members have had a role in the justice system.
The Mi'kmaq Employment and Training Secretariat (formerly Pathways) is involved in the approving funding for qualified Mi'kmaq who wish to enroll in any employment training program in Nova Scotia.
Mi'kmaw Family and Childrens' Services was established in 1985 through a tripartite agreement among Canada - through the Federal Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Nova Scotia - through the Department of Community Services, and the First Nations community through the thirteen chiefs off the Nova Scotia bands. A committee made up of representatives of these three parties is the mechanism for problem solving, protocol negotiation, and the monitoring and evaluation of agreements. Child Welfare programs operate from two central offices - Indian Brook, which provides services for mainland bands, anEskasoni, which services Cape Breton bands. The agency also has sub-offices in most First Nation communities.
The agency provides child welfare and family services to Mi'kmaq men, women and children by operating as a private child welfare agency under the Children & Family Services Act. It investigates and assesses all reports of suspected abuse and neglect of children under 16 years of age living in First Nation communities; provides for the needs of the children in its care; offers a range of preventive services to children and their families that promotes well-being; and, within the constraints of human and fiscal resources, provides support and consultation for First Nation individuals not residing in First Nation communities As a private child welfare agency, its affairs are managed by a board of directors comprised of thirteen Nova Scotia chiefs, a representative of the Nova Scotia Native Women's Association, and the Grand Chief of the Mi'kmaw Nation (as an honorary member). The Department of Community Services provides the legislative authority as well as training, advice, and support.
The Treaty Aboriginal Rights and Research Centre (T.A.R.R.) of Nova Scotia is dedicated to collecting and making available materials relating to Mi'kmaq history and culture. Its archives contain a large collection of documents relating to questions of aboriginal title and treaty rights as well as publications about the Mi'kmaw and related Abenaki nations. The Centre also runs a small bookstore specializing in books on native themes, the proceeds from which help to subsidize their research and acquisition budget. The Centre employs two, full-time researchers who assist in the preparation of specific claims for such things as lost reserve lands, claims relating to utility right-of-way over reserve lands, and roads and highways crossing reserve lands without First Nation permission. T.A.R.R. Centre staff includes: James Michael - Director, Gillian Allen, Kristie Gehue, and Wallace Nevin - Researchers, and Laverne Copage - Office Manager/Finance.
The Nova Scotia Aboriginal Title Project, a cooperative endeavor of the Confederacy of Mainland Mi'kmaq and the Union of Nova Scotia Indians, is also housed in the Treaty Centre. The project is preparing a comprehensive land claim for the Mi'kmaq of Nova Scotia.
An Assembly of First Nations Secretariat Sub-office is located in the T.A.R.R. Centre. The A.F.N. Secretariat is responsible for liaising with Phil Fontaine, the National Chief of the A.F.N. and thirteen First Nation Chiefs of Nova Scotia and Conne River First Nation, Newfoundland. Rick Simon is the Vice-Chief of the A.F.N. secretariat, and Denise McDonald is the Executive Assistant.
The Indian Brook Community/Shubenacadie Band Administration Building houses not only the band's administrative offices, but also the Union of Nova Scotia Indians Indian Brook Office.
The Indian Brook Tobacco Shop is located in the Band Administration Building, staffed by Nina Michael and Dorothy Googoo.
The Indian Brook School occupies the former Indian Brook Multi-Purpose Centre. As well, the Indian Brook Detachment of the RCMP is located in the building, as is the Indian Brook Volunteer Fire Department, the Little Eagles Day Care Centre, and the Indian Brook Seniors Club Room.
The community hopes to create some new facilities which are currently in the planning stages. Construction is expected to start once the planning/funding is in place. These include:
As of November 5, 2006 - November 4, 2008, the Chief of the reserve is Alexander Peter "Butchie" Mc Donald. The Band Councillors are Ronnie William Augustine, Rufus Copage, Thomas (Tom) Howe, Colleen Mary Rebecca Jane Knockwood, Joseph Neal Levi, Gregory Gilbert Marr, Jason Wayne Marr, Keith Paul, Michael James Paul, Jerry Martin Sack, Michael Patrick Sack, and Neil Joseph (Joey) Sack.
Membertou First Nation is located off Alexandra Street in the city of Sydney. The original Membertou reserve was situated along the shore of Sydney Harbour and was known as the Old King's Road Reserve. In 1927, Membertou was relocated to where it now exists, a 65 acre lot on damp and swampy land. Today Membertou has increased in size to about 401.9 hectares in total. The population of Membertou has grown from about 100 members in the late 1920's to 1129 today (2006). Over-crowding may become a serious problem in the future; band projections say the population could double within the next thirteen years.
The following document is an account of the process involved in moving the reserve from lands on King's Road in Sydney to the location where Membertou stands today:
RE INDIAN RESERVE, CITY OF SYDNEY, N.S.
Exchequer Court of Canada, Audette J., 16 March 1916
INDIANS (II--36)--REMOVAL TO NEW RESERVE--EXPEDIENCY COMPENSATION.
The Exchequer Court, pursuant to the provisions of s.49a of the Indian Act, will recommend the removal of Indians from their Reserve to a new site, if, in the interest of the public and the welfare of the Indians, such removal seems expedient. Under s. 2 (4) of the Act, they are to be compensated for the special loss or damage in respect of their buildings or improvements upon the Reserve.
REFERENCE to the Exchequer Court of Canada under the authority of an order-in-council passed on April 24, 1915, pursuant to the provisions of s. 49 of the Indian Act, as amended by 1 & 2 Geo. V., c. 14, s. 2, for enquiry and report as to whether it was expedient, having regard to the interest of the public and of the band of Indians then resident on the Sydney (N.S.) Indian Reserve to another place outside the limits of the city of Sydney. J. A. Gillies, K.C., appeared on behalf of the party interested in the removal of the Indians; G. A. R. Rowlings was appointed by the judge to represent the Indians on the hearing of the reference. AUDETTE, J., made his report to the Governor-General-in-council as follows:--
To His Royal Highness, the Governor-in-Council:
The question as to whether or not it is expedient--having regard to the interest of the public and of the Indians, that the latter should be removed from the Reserve at Sydney, and for further action under the provisions of the Act--having been referred to the Exchequer Court of Canada for inquiry and report, under both the provisions of the order-in-council of April 30,1915, and of 1-2 George V., c. 14--the undersigned has the honour to report as follows:--
The notice, provided by s. 2 (2) of the Act, fixing the time and place for the taking of evidence and the hearing of the investigation respecting the above matter, having been published in the "Canada Gazette" and in a local newspaper at Sydney, I assigned counsel to represent and act for the Indians, who might be opposed to the proposed removal, they having previously declared their unwillingness to surrender.
The hearing of the matter was proceeded with at Sydney, on the 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd and 24th days of September, 1915, and upon hearing read the pleadings, and upon hearing the evidence adduced, both on behalf of the party seeking such removal, and on behalf of the Indians--and upon hearing J. A. Gillies, K.C., of counsel on behalf of the party seeking the removal, and Mr. Rowlings, on behalf of the Indians, the undersigned humbly submits the following finding:--
The Reserve in question, which is numbered 28 in the Official Schedule of Indian Reserves, is located on the eastern shore of Sydney Harbour, and was acquired by the Dominion government on April 28,1882, under a grant from the Province of Nova Scotia, for the use of the Micmac Tribe.
It had been surveyed under direction of the federal government in 1877, and at that time contained 2 acres, 2 roods and 37 perches--the area mentioned in the provincial grant above mentioned.
When the Cape Breton Railway was built in 1887 or 1888, sixty-six hundredths of an acre of the Reserve was expropriated for the purposes of that public work, severing the land in two parcels, leaving the Reserve, already of irregular shape, with the contents of 2 acres and 12 perches, and a small piece of land on the water side of the track. This small piece of the Reserve, severed by the railway from its main part, is of no value and cannot be utilized for settlement purposes--and in the result leaves the Reserve, for practical purposes, still smaller than its apparent and real size.
Joe Christmas, the present chief, or captain, of the band on the Reserve, has lived on the Reserve back and forth since 1875. In 1887, two more Indian families arrived upon the Reserve. In 1899 there were 85 Indians on the Reserve, and on February 15, 1915, there were 23 houses and 115 Indians. At present there are between 120 and 122 Indians and 27 houses, without counting the school-house and the brick building with sanitary closets.
The present Reserve is really an adjunct of the Eskasoni Reserve, composed of 2,800 acres, and which is about 24 to 25 miles from Sydney. The Grand Chief of the Micmacs resides at Eskasoni, and there is only a sub-chief, or captain, at the Sydney Reserve. There are in the vicinity of 155 Indians at Eskasoni, who do some agricultural work. When these Eskasoni Indians come to Sydney to sell their handicrafts and products, they reside on the Sydney Reserve. There is also the Cariboo Marsh Reserve, of about 5,385 acres. The land on that Reserve is so poor that no Indians reside upon it, but as there is considerable timber upon it they use it to cut their supply for fuel and for making ties, which they sell to the Steel & Coal Co. There are also Indians residing at North Sydney and Little Bras d'Or who, like the others when they come to Sydney, put up at the Indian Reserve.
Now, this Reserve abuts on King's Road, which is one of the principal arteries of the city, a highway very much travelled and used by the public, and upon which a large number of fine residences are built. No one cares to live in the immediate vicinity of the Indians. The overwhelming weight of the evidence is to the effect that the Reserve retards and is a clog in the development of that part of the city. On this branch of the case I may say I would have come to a final decision with more satisfaction, had I heard the present mayor of the city, some representatives from the Board of Trade, and some prominent public-spirited citizens.
It is worth passing notice to mention that the two medical doctors who respectively held the position of Indian agent for this Reserve since 1899 favour the removal of the Indians, provided larger and better quarters are given them. Dr. McIntyre says, he thought the Reserve congested with 20 houses and 100 Indians, and there are now 27 houses and 122 Indians. The removal would make the property in that neighbourhood more valuable for assessment purposes--and it is no doubt an anomaly to have the Indian Reserve in almost the centre of the city, or on one of its principal thoroughfares.
The racial inequalities of the Indians, as compared with the white man, check to a great extent any move towards social development, a state of affairs which, under the system now obtaining, can only grow worse every day, as the number of Indians is increasing.
I do, therefore, without hesitation, come to the conclusion, on this branch of the case, that the removal of the Indians from the Reserve is obviously in the interest of the public.
Coming to the second branch of the case, as to whether it is in the interest of the Indians to be removed to a larger place, I may say that during the trial or investigation, I had occasion, accompanied by Counsel on both sides, to view and examine the Reserve in question. It was on that day quite clean and in good sanitary condition; but it is established that this condition did not always obtain.
The majority of the Indians is opposed to the removal. They find their present Reserve well located, close to the place where they earn their livelihood, and it suits their methods of life. They want to stay where they are, and do not wish to accept any place offered to them. However, if a better, larger and more suitable place is found it will be acceptable to some of them. This state of things carries us thus far and no further. But the Reserve is getting too small, too congested and too limited, to accommodate its increasing population, besides the fact that the sanitary conditions are unsatisfactory and can only grow worse with an increase in population in the settlement.
The brick sanitary closet in the Reserve has been closed as a result of misuse, and the several draught-houses, now in use to replace it, have proved to be very objectionable to the neighbourhood. Although provided with a number of such draught-houses, the Indians have not been always considerate and mindful of their neighbours in respect of cleanliness. They are also charged with disturbance, but that part of the evidence is meagre and not very reliable, and in that respect they may not be any worse than white men of certain classes. And while it can be said in one sense they may be undesirable neighbours in that locality, they could be considered as reasonably well-behaved Indians. They are healthy Indians and the Reserve is free from tuberculosis.
These Indians have abandoned the nomadic life of their ancestors, and are now employed as labourers all over the city at different works, while the women do some charring and washing.
This Reserve has become too small for the present requirements. There are too many buildings upon it, and the band of Indians has become too numerous to be located under the present conditions for sanitation on such a small area. An undesirable and objectionable congestion is the necessary result. Moreover, the band is growing, the young men are marrying and desire to settle there. And while the Reserve is too small for the Indians actually in occupation, we must not overlook that all the Indians of Cape Breton who come to Sydney reside on the Reserve during the time of their visit. And, looking to the future, made wise by looking on the past of this Reserve, it appears that the desirability of a larger Reserve, a matter of expediency now, will become imperative in the near future.
The Indians, in their own interest, should be removed to a larger place where they would be given a small plot of land to cultivate. But this removal, while it should be to a place outside of the city, to avoid a further removal in the future, must be consistent with and considerate of the interest of the Indians. They should remain as close as possible to the city, although outside its limits, to allow them to pursue the same manner of earning their livelihood by doing work in the city, where, indeed, they have become quite a factor in the labour market. They must also be kept close to their Church, because it is insisted upon, in the evidence, that their priest has a very salutary influence over them, and when the Indian loses the influence of his Church, he goes on the down grade. These Indians are labourers of all classes: brick-layers, masons, plasterers, carpenters, pick and shovel men, and some of them work on the Cape Breton Electric Tramway. They are much employed during the winter, for the removal of snow from the tramway. They also make pick handles, tubs and baskets.
The evidence establishes in the result that the removal would be in the interest of the Indians, provided they are given a better and larger reserve in some place convenient to their church and their work. And in doing so, to place them in the neighbourhood of the Coke Ovens district must be avoided--that locality is undesirable in many respects--and occasion for intemperance is sure to arise there.
Both the unsatisfactory condition of the present Reserve with respect to sanitation, and the advantage to be derived by the Indians from larger grounds, make it expedient to recommend their removal to a better and larger place, consistent with the relatively close proximity to their work and church.
What the Indian, on the one hand, may lose from the convenience of close neighbourhood to his place of labour, in the future perhaps made costly by the expense of a ferry or car-fare--which with that class must be reckoned--will be offset by the advantage of a larger territory for his Reserve, where he can have his little plot of ground under cultivation, giving him a vegetable garden, helping materially in support of his family.
The removal of this band of Indians from the Reserve will open to improvement at once that part of the city of Sydney, while the Indian, in the result, will not suffer anything serious, save perhaps a disadvantage in the degree of convenience in going to and from his work, and his morals can be looked after just as well upon the new Reserve. He will be able to attend his church just the same, and he will, moreover, be perhaps further away from the temptation in the way of intemperance and kept busy and interested in his Reserve by attending to his vegetable garden. Having each a small plot of land would also be an incentive to keep it in proper condition.
Having found the removal of the Indians from this Reserve expedient and advisable, it becomes my duty now, under the provisions of s. 2 (4) of the Act:
To ascertain the amounts of compensation, if any, which should be paid respectively to individual Indians of the band for the special loss or damages which they will sustain in respect of the buildings or improvements to which they are entitled upon the lands of the Reserve
On that branch of the case, ex. "E," testified to by 3 witnesses, establishes the value of each building upon the Reserve, with the name of the proprietor opposite the figures. This valuation, however, has been arrived at on a basis of re-instatement value. That is, it does not shew the actual market value of the buildings, taking into consideration the depreciation for wear and tear. That document shows what it would cost to build these, however,,, anew to-day.
While the Indian, the ward of the nation, should be treated as well as possible, it is quite conceivable that a great part of the old buildings could be used in the erection of the buildings on the new Reserve. The total value of the buildings, owned by the Indians on the Reserve, is placed by these three witnesses at $8,850, subject to what has just been said. This is exclusive of the value of the brick sanitary closet and the school-house.
Passing now to the question of the selection of the site for a new Reserve, it may be said that a deal of evidence has been adduced in that respect. Indeed, the selection of a site is a question not free from difficulty, and upon which a deal of evidence has been adduced. A large plan of the city has been filed, and upon it has been shewn as prospective or available sites, the places marked respectively "A," "B," "C," "D," "E," "F," "G," and "H." On that plan is also shewn the site of the present Reserve.
Besides these sites so indicated on the plan, there is also across the harbour at Westmount, almost opposite the present Reserve, a place recommended by some of the witnesses. It is entirely outside of the limits of the city, and quite accessible to the city for the most part of the year. However, in the autumn and in the spring the ice makes the crossing quite impossible at times for a period varying from one week to three weeks and perhaps more. Were it not for that last difficulty, the place would be ideal. The Murphy farm of 50 acres is there available--and there is also a large quantity of land in that neighbourhood which could easily be secured at a reasonable price. The soil is very good, the site beautiful and abutting on the harbour. If the Indians were established at Westmount on a really good farm, would it not be possible for them to keep a few horses, and when the ice on the river prevents them from coming across, they could drive to town, a distance of only 5 or 6 miles? They would be there away from the liquor shops and the undesirable foreigners settled at the Coke Ovens, where they often get liquor--always a source of trouble to them.
Of all the other sites above mentioned and referred to by the letters "A" to "H," I would only recommend in the alternative, either "A" or "E."
The "A" site lies outside of the eastern part of the city between the Grand Lake Road and the Sydney and Glace Bay R. Co.'s line; and "E," which is also outside the eastern part of the city, at the top of the Cow Bay Road.
Jos. Christmas, one of the Indians, although objecting to the removal, says if they must be removed, he would prefer the Westmount site to any other. Ben Christmas, another Indian, speaking for himself, says "E," at the top of the Cow Bay Road, would meet with his approval if they are given a little assistance in building and larger grounds. The soil there, however, seems to be of doubtful character for farming purposes.
Under all the circumstances, I would humbly recommend, as prospective alternative sites, "A" at the top of the Grand Lake Road, or "E" at the top of the Cow Bay Road, or Westmount. The prospective sites within the limits of the city should be discarded, because the same question of removal would arise again at some future date. The price at which these prospective properties could be acquired has been estimated by some of the witnesses.
It may be said that while the present site can only be sold at public auction, Mr. Gillies, K.C., has offered to purchase it at $5,000. If the sale is made this amount may be used as an upset price. Agent Parker valued the land at $4,800--witnesses Ross and Midgley at $5,000--Rev. Father Cameron at $150 an acre-- and Rev. Father McDonald, in his letter of January 8, 1914, at $12,000. The valuation of $5,000 would appear to be about fair and right.
Therefore, the undersigned has the honour to report he finds it expedient, having regard to the interest of the public and of the Indians located on the small Sydney Reserve, that the said Indians should be removed from such Reserve.
Furthermore, it is found that the compensation above set forth should be paid respectively to the individual Indians of the band for the special loss or damages sustained by them in respect of their buildings or improvemts upon the Reserve, or an adjustment be made for their claims in respect thereto, and a suitable new Reserve be obtained for them before they be removed from or disturbed in the possession of the present Reserve.
The undersigned would further recommend that the Indians should, on their removal, be treated with great consideration and kindness, and that such removal should be made quietly without undue haste, trouble or inconvenience, to the Indians. The site to be first selected and the compensation for their buildings or improvements adjusted on the basis above mentioned.
In witness whereof I have set my hand this 15th day of March,
A.D. 1916.
(Sgd.) L. A. AUDETTE,
J.E.C.
The two most prominent landmarks in Membertou are the St. Ann's Mission Church, which is about 55 years old, and the Old School House, which is over 60 years old. Both of these buildings are still used by the community on a regular basis.
The St. Ann's Mission Church was established October 1, 1944, built by funds raised by the people of Membertou. The late chief, Ben Christmas, headed the fund raising by travelling to various Cape Breton communities soliciting donations and selling tickets. Today the church stands on top of a hill where it is visible even from the other side of the city. Its seating capacity is about 150. St. Ann's Mission Church is associated with St. Anthony Daniel parish, another Roman Catholic church. For the past five years Father Leo Boone has been the parish priest, and Sister Catherine Arsenault has been the religious educator and coordinator for the past eight years.
The Old Membertou School House is the oldest standing structure on the Membertou reserve. It was built shortly after the relocation of Membertou. For over thirty years the Membertou School House was used as a day school for children from grades primary to six. Miss Kitty Gallagher was the first and only teacher for the school. When the Membertou School closed in 1965, Membertou children were sent to St. Anthony Daniel School, a short walk from the reserve. Over the last few decades the Old School House has been used as a community hall, day care center, police station, seniors' club, game room, radio station, and as premises for The Micmac News. Today it houses the band tobacco store, the Membertou Access Program, and the Membertou Housing Program.
Other administration buildings include the Mi'kmaq Justice Institute, located beside the band office since the summer of 1997, and the Mi'kmaq Education Authority's two new buildings on the corner of Kateri and Membertou Streets, built in the summer of 1996. The Membertou Health Centre is connected to the Membertou Sports Complex, which is directly behind the band office. The Health Centre was built in 1987 and consists of several offices, conference room, and community kitchen that is used during social events. In May of 1998, the Unama'ki Tribal Police opened a sub-station directly across from the band office.
The Mi'kmaq Nation honours the late Grand Chief (Kji-Saqmaw) Donald J. Marshall Senior with a ten foot high monument that stands above his grave in the Membertou Memorial Gardens. Funding for the monument was provided by the Grand Council and the whole Mi'kmaq Nation. The monument has a photograph of the late Grand Chief and reads: Kji-Saqmaw (Grand Chief) Donald Joseph Marshall, May 28, 1925 - August 25, 1991, Son of Joseph and Margaret (Stevens) Marshall of Membertou, Married August 15, 1949 to Caroline Googoo, Daughter of John P. Googoo and Madeline Gould of Whycocomagh, Children - Six Boys & Six Girls & Numerous Foster Children, Trade - Dry Waller, Donald Marshall Was Elected Kji-Saqmaw (Grand Chief) in 1964 as Predicted by the Previous Kji-Saqmaw Gabriel Sylliboy; Donald Marshall Was the Grand Chief for 27 Years Until His Death in 1991; Kji-Saqmaw Donald Marshall's Presence Was Magnified a Thousandfold Through the Efforts He Pioneered in Every Facet of His Work and Office - A Man Who Seemed to Be Everywhere; Donald Has a Zealous Conviction of Reaching Out and Providing a Helping Hand to Those Who Needed It Most. Kji-Saqmaw - Rest In Peace.
The community of Membertou honours the late Putus Simon Marshall with a permanent grotto that lies behind the St. Ann's Mission Church. Simon Marshall was a very dedicated man who never failed to build the St. Ann's grotto each year, and for his service to St. Ann the community named the grotto for him. The monument reads: In Memory of Simon J. Marshall, "Putus" Uncle Simon, Born 1917 - Died 1992, A Life Long Outstanding Citizen in the Community of Membertou Who Devoted His Life as an Active Member for St. Ann's Mission Church "Ma Iapjiw Wan' Ta' Sualuluek Aq Ta' N Teli Pkit Lukowiekn Ula Maupltu" We Will Never Forget You Nor the Service You Provided for Us Here in Membertou, Presented by the Marshall Family July 1995, Erected July 1995, Volunteers: Simon G. Marshall (Nephew), Richard Doucette, Noel Francis, Ronald Gould Jr.
War Veterans MemorialThe Mi'kmaw Nation has never forgotten the men and women who served their countries in World War I and II, and in the Korean War and Vietnam War. A ten foot high monument lies on the front lawn of the St. Ann's Mission Church to honour the war veterans. Since 1985, on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month this well deserved monument becomes a gathering place to remember those who lost and risked their lives. The front of the monument reads:
Kulaman Ma' Wan' Ta' Siwkw - Lest We Forget - Membertou War Veterans
1914 - 1918:
William Bernard, Peter Googoo, Frank Herney, William Herney (WWII), Christopher Morris, Noel Paul
1939 - 1945:
William Bernard, Louis Brooks (KIA), Veronica Brassard, Augustus Christmas, Charles Doucette (KIA), Joseph W. Francis, Charles Gould, John Joe, Leo Joe, Richard Matthews, Edward Paul, Lawrence Paul (K), Frank Wightly
Korea 1950 - 1953:
George LaPorte, Ralph Moore, Ronald Paul
Nova Scotia War Veterans 1914 - 1918:
James Bernard, Michael Bradley, Jim Brooks, John Cope, Leo Cope (KIA), Johnny Doyle (KIA), William Duncan, Andrew Francis (WWII), Ben Francis, James Francis (WWII), John Francis, Noel R. Francis, James Gloade, Joseph Gloade (KIA), Sam Gloade, John Johnson, John Julian, Freeman B. Knockwood, John Maloney, Peter Maloney (KIA), John Mc Ewan, Stephen Meuse, Louis Newell, Andrew Paul, Dennis Paul, Joe Paul, Levi Paul, Philip Paul, Michael Perry, Joseph Louis Pictou, Michael Prosper, Joe Sack, Joseph Sapier, Matthew Sapier, David Stevens, Frank Thomas, Louis Thomas, Stephen Toney, Ronald Wilmot, Thomas Wilmot
Nova Scotia War Veterans 1939 - 1945:
Max Basque, William Basque, Andrew Bernard, Ben Bernard, Charles A. Bernard, Frank Bernard, James Bernard, John A. Bernard (K), Michael Bernard, Peter Bernard, Stephen Bernard, William Bernard, William Bernard, James Brooks, Sandy Brooks, Levi Cabot, John Cremo, Thomas Cremo, Frank Dennis, Barney Francis, Charles S. Francis, John Francis, Lawrence Francis, Louis Joe Francis, Peter Franci Tom Francis, James Gloade, Noel B. Gloade, Levi Googoo, Stephen P. Knockwood
The back of the monument reads:
Nova Scotia War Veterans 1939 - 1945 Con't:
William Googoo, Ernest Howe, Gabriel Joe, Andrew Johnson, Levi Johnson, Alexander Julian, Andrew Julian (K), Edward Julian (K), Joe Julian, Henry Knockwood, Ralph Knockwood, Noel Lewis, Joe Lewis, Alonzo Maloney, Lawrence Maloney, Stephen Maloney, Frank Marble, James Marshall, Stephen Marshall, William Marshall, Fred Martin, Richard Mc Ewan, Solomon Mc Ewan, Joseph Meuse, Noel Michael, Joe P. Nicholas, Charles Paul, Joe Paul, Leo Paul, Noel B. Paul, James Peck, Peter Perro, Clifford Pictou, Jim Pictou, John Pictou, Louis Pictou, Martin Pictou, Richard Poulette, Ron Prosper, Wilfred Prosper, Louis Sack, Fred Sapier, Frank Simon, Steve Simon, John C. Smith, Noel A. Smith, Andrew Stevens, Benedict Stevens, Roderick Stevens, Benjamin Stevens, Isaac Stevens, Bernard Toney, John Toney, John Toney, Lawrence Toney Sr., Leo Toney, Fred Young.
Nova Scotia War Veterans Korea 1950 - 1953:
Russell Brooks, Preston Copage, William Copage (KIA), Frank J. Denny, Abraham Doucette, Arthur Julian, Peter Julian, Noel Knockwood, Alfred Maloney, Pius Marshall, Clarence Meuse (KIA), Wilfred Michael, Francis Paul, Robert Paul, Ben Pictou, Wilfred Prosper, Daniel Stevens, Daniel Stevens
Nova Scotia War Veterans Vietnam 1960 - 1975:
Wilfred Basque, Vincent Bernard (KIA), Joseph (Joey) Francis, Matthew Francis, Wilfred Francis, Allan Knockwood, Leander Paul, Raymond Stevens, John Leonard Toney.
Small businesses have become very popular on the Membertou reserve over the past few years, with corner stores, a native art gallery, barber shops, pizza shop, antique store, hair dressing salon, gas station/convenience store, and a band owned tobacco store opening soon. These include:
The Wally Bernard Memorial Day Care Center opened in 1989 to serve the needs of the pre-school children of Membertou. Prior to that period, pre-school children attended the Membertou Little Chief Center in the Old School House. Since September of 1997, primary students of Membertou attend the Wally Bernard Memorial Day Care Center, and the Membertou Education Department is working on a program for grades one and two to operate from the Center for the fall of 1998. Director of the Center is Josephine LaPorte.
ACCESS is a program that began in the fall of 1993 to enable adults to enter into regular university programs. Sponsored by the Cape Breton University, the Membertou ACCESS Program accepts fifteen students each year who take four core university courses. Most class time is spent on the reserve, while one day a week participants attend regular classes at the university campus. Upon completing the program the student must have a fifty-five point average to continue their studies on a full time basis. Project coordinator is Deborah Ginnish.
The Island Alternative Measures Society, or IAMS, is a peer literacy program geared to junior high students. IAMS provides a one - to - one tutoring system, with high school students tutoring those in junior high. Implemented in 1997, the IAMS coordinator is Germaine Gould.
Recreational facilities on the reserve include a quarter mile track and two ball fields that were built in 1981 for the Maritime Indian Summer Games. These grounds are regularly used for outdoor concerts, pow wows, fastball tournaments, soccer, and football. As well, there is a gymnasium - the Membertou Sports Complex - which was built in 1978 for dances, conferences, the community banquet, and at one time also served as a manufacturing plant.
Membertou Senior Citizens is composed of about forty members of the community over the age of fifty. The group's primary objective is to fund raise for the annual Ste. Anne De Beaupre Pilgrimage. For the past twenty years the elders have been travelling to Quebec as a group, and each year they successfully raise money through bake sales, raffles, and spring and summer festivals. The elders of Membertou include: Mary Jane Doucette (1915), Mary Agnes Francis (1917), Mary Paul (1920), Mary Rose Gould (1921), Madeline Christmas (1924), Lawrence Paul (1925), Anthony J. Marshall (1926), Raymond Christmas (1927), Viola Paul (1928), John P. Ginnish (1929), Charles Herney (1929), David Moore (1929), Mary Francis (1930), Theresa Moore (1931), Alfred Moore (1931), Pauline Bernard (1931), Bernard Christmas (1931), Mary Fritz (Christmas)(1933), Joseph Francis (1934).
The Sons of Membertou perform traditional and contemporary music. The group was originally formed in 1990 and consisted of fourteen members. They have performed in many events in the maritimes and Canada including the Canadian Aboriginal Music Awards in Toronto, the G-Seven Summit in Halifax, and the Annual Treaty Day Celebration in Halifax. In 1996 The Sons of Membertou released a CD called 'Wapnakik', which was immediately successful.
The majority of people in Membertou come from either the Christmas family or the Paul family. Other large family groups in Membertou include the Googoo, Marshall, and Bernard families. The following list shows all family names found on the reserve: Christmas, Paul, Marshall, Bernard, Googoo, Kabatay, Joe, Mac Donald, Martin, Isadore, Gould, Herney, Matthews, Moore, Isaac, Doucette, Mc Ewan, Ginnish, La Porte, and Francis.
The Citizen of the Year Award is in memory of the late Bradley T. Christmas who died at the age of sixteen years in 1978. Bradley was the youngest son of Mr. and Mrs. Bernie Christmas. Every New Year's Eve the community of Membertou honours Bradley's memory by awarding an outstanding citizen with the Bradley T. Christmas Citizen of the Year Award, offering the opportunity to remember Bradley 's outstanding personality and character.
The Sportsman of the Year Award is given in memory of the late Paul F. Gould who died at age nineteen in 1981. Paul was the eldest son of Mr. and Mrs. Clarence Gould. Each New Year's Eve the community honours Paul's name by awarding an outstanding sportsman the Paul F. Gould Sportsman of the Year Award, and gives an occasion to remember Paul as a superior athlete and sportsman.
The Wally Bernard Memorial Indian Youth Hockey Tournament celebrated its 25th anniversary this year. The community of Membertou and other native reserves throughout the maritimes honour Wallace Bernard by hosting and attending a youth hockey tournament in his name. Wally dedicated his life to the people and athletes of Membertou. He was active as a player and manager for the fastball and hockey teams, and in 1973 he and Joe B. Marshall organized a youth hockey tournament that proved to be both popular and successful. Wally died on December 8, 1989, while working on the Membertou Day Care Centre that was later named for him, but he is still remembered today with respect and affection.
Millbrook First Nation is 3.56 square kilometers or 1129 acres of land located on the outskirts of Truro, Nova Scotia. The main reserve is Millbrook (906 acres) with three satellite reserves: Cole Harbour (46 acres), Beaver Dam (100 acres), and Sheet Harbour (77 acres). An international airport is located forty minutes by car from Millbrook, and Halifax is 100 kilometers away. Highways 102 and 104 intersect the reserve.
The Economic Development Officer is Lloyd Johnson, whose responsibilities include the promotion of economic development and arts and crafts, processing Canada Mortgage and Housing Commission social housing applications, and chairmanship of the Millbrook Housing Committee, which selects new tenants for vacant homes, trailers, and apartments and allocates new housing units. Some of the band projects to date are:
The Millbrook community has many businesses providing a wide range of goods and services, all owned and operated by aboriginal people:
The Millbrook Literacy Center is situated on the Millbrook reserve and staffed by qualified instructors who are band members. Natives in Nova Scotia as in most areas of Canada have faced many problems adjusting to traditional, non-native education programs, particularly those who have spent most of their lives within the comforting framework of a native community. In 1988, the Millbrook Band Council identified the need to provide basic academic upgrading to band members. The Literacy Centre was established to offer individualized study where learning could take place in a relaxed atmosphere allowing the participant to work at his/her own pace. The computer, as a tutor, removed the fear and embarrassment of a classroom setting.
Through 40 weeks, the Millbrook Literacy Centre's program provides support for 10 students in reading, writing, and mathematics. The life skills component consists of enhancement of communication, assertiveness, and time management, as well as some background in Mi'kmaq culture and language. According to Stats Canada, out of five hundred and fifteen responses to its language question, only one hundred and ten residents of Millbrook have knowledge of the Mi'kmaq language. (Statistics Canada."Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions in Nova Scotia, Part B", Ottawa:Industry, Science, and Technology Canada, 1994.) Time is also spent on follow-up activities such as workshops and guest speakers.
Basic Upgrading provides programming in reading, language arts, math, and life skills, with Advanced G.E.D. Upgrading offering programs in advanced writing and reading, social studies, science, and advanced math. To be eligible for the Basic Upgrading Program, the participant must be at least nineteen years of age, unemployed, and out of school for a year. The literacy program provides a weekly stipend for eligible students. The Millbrook Literacy Centre is sponsored by the Millbrook Band Council, and is a service of which the community can be tremendously proud. Patsy Paul Martin is the Director and Alice Abram is the Administrative Assistant.
Millbrook Mi'kmaq Day Care gives full-time day care service for Millbrook band members' children between the ages of 18 months to 4 years. Providing both lunch and nutritious morning and afternoon snacks, the day care is dedicated to offering a happy, healthy and stimulating environment for children, where cultural priorities are respected. The program is designed to promote self-reliance, wisdom, generosity, and respect for individual freedom.
Millbrook Head Start provides physical education, social activities within and outside of the classroom, and standard pre-school learning tasks for children aged three years of age and over, to enable native children to get a solid 'head start' before beginning grade school.
Outreach assists Aboriginal people in employment searches and in applying for jobs. Its mandate is to help clients gain the education or skills necessary to obtain their employment objectives. Outreach markets its clients to potential employers and is familiar with available jobs and the skills necessary to qualify for such jobs. Bill Pictou is the Outreach worker.
The Wellness Project plans and delivers a wide range of programs to increase and promote the mental well-being of the community, coordinating projects for members of all ages. Operating under the direction of the Millbrook chief and council, the Wellness Project is funded by the Brighter Futures Initiative, Indian and Inuit Health Component. Tentative programs include gym activities, playground construction, native crafts classes, sweats and talking circles, a community garden, seniors' club, single parent activities, Mi'kmaw language class, cultural history course, and fund raisers. Coordinator for the Wellness Project is Chris Nasson.
The Millbrook Adult Care Program is funded by DIAND and administered by the Millbrook band office. The Adult Care Program services seniors, disabled people, and people who have recently undergone surgery. Levels of care provided range from 24 hour care to part-time care depending on the needs of the client. Coordinator is Angeline Paul.
Millbrook Medical Transportation is a service provided by Inuit Health Services Canada. Medical Transportation drives clients to medical or dental appointments in the Truro area or to specialist appointments outside Truro. This service is available to all Millbrook band members.
The Millbrook Health Center, located in Truro, contains the offices of a dentist, Dr. Monkowski and physician, Dr. Philip Wells. It also has a community health representative, Germaine Martin, who is involved in medical treatment and health awareness, disease prevention, and education. The community health nurse, Elizabeth Berube, attends to clients' general health needs on a walk-in basis, and visits elderly or chronically ill patients in their homes.
The Confederacy of Mainland Mi'kmaq is involved in issues of community development, health, Aboriginal/First Nations culture, forestry, social justice, and the environment. A tribal council with a regional geographic focus, they provide advisory services to six bands in Nova Scotia - Afton, Annapolis Valley, Bear River, Horton, Millbrook, and Pictou Landing - in the areas of economic development, finance, education, research, and housing. The CMM also provides advisory services to the thirteen provincial bands in health, forrestry, adult institutional care, community rights, housing, and interpretors. Visit their web-site at Confederacy of Mainland Mi'kmaq.
Mi'kmaq Family and Children's Services of Nova Scotia/Mi'kmaq Family Treatment Program has been in operation since 1994, and is located on the Millbrook First Nation. It plays a vital role in the health and healing of people in this and other First Nation communities - providing protection, safety, shelter, and basic life necessities to native women and children who are victims of family violence. The centre operates on a holistic healing principle, meeting the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual needs of the individual. The centre is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, with a 24 hour crisis support hotline. Counsellors are familiar with Mi'kmaw culture, language, and values.
Millbrook Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselling Association of Nova Scotia provides one on one counselling services for clients who may have problems with alcohol, drugs, prescription drugs, solvents, or gambling. NADACA counsellor, Peater Gloade, holds various seminars and educational programs in the community throughout the year, and also visits schools in the Truro area to promote drug and alcohol awareness. Other programs directed at youths are the 'diversion' programs providing alternatives such as the monthly drug and alcohol free teen dances.
The Native Council of Nova Scotia provides referral services for off reserve Aboriginals, training programs for HRDC, and also provides pre-natal and child services. Located in Truro, Nova Scotia, the president is Lorraine Cook.
Religion is a fundamental part of the native community and culture. The majority of the residents of Millbrook reserve are Catholic. According to Census Canada, out of 510 Millbrook residents, 425 declared themselves to be Catholic. Many community events and celebrations are organized around the church.
The main objective of the Millbrook Post Secondary Education Assistance Program is to help eligible band members obtain post secondary education. To be eligible for this program, applicants must be registered members of the Millbrook band and meet post secondary requirements, with priority being given to participants who have resided in Millbrook prior to the date of application. Assistance may be available in the form of tuition, travel assistance, or living expenses, and is provided for three levels of post secondary education:
The Millbrook reserve doesn't have elementary, junior, or high school facilities. The 188 Millbrook band members in elementary and secondary education facilities attend them outside the Millbrook, Sheet Harbour, and Cole Harbour reserves. Students from Millbrook may attend: Princess Margaret Rose Elementary School, St. Mary's Elementary School, Cobequid Consolidated Elementary School, Colchester Christian Academy, Bible Hill Central Elementary School, Douglas Street Elementary School, Bible Hill Junior high School, Truro Junior High School, Brookfield Junior High School, and Cobequid Education Centre. Cole Harbour reserve students may attend Auburn Dr. High School, Astral Dr. Junior High, or Caldwell Road Elementary. Students from the Sheet Harbour reserve may attend Sheet Harbour Consolidated or Duncan Mac Millan High School. The Millbrook Mi'kmaq community does, however, offer day care facilities, a pre-school, and adult upgrading.
The chief and council make up the main governing body of the Millbrook reserve. Chief Lawrence Paul has been chief for nineteen years. Each band has a different number of councillors depending on the population of the reserve, with one councillor elected for every one hundred registered band members (Theresa Isaac Julian and Jean Smyth, "Mi'kmaq Past and Present: A Resource Guide", Department of Education, 1993, p.8). Smaller bands who don't have the numbers to warrant their own band administration are incorporated into larger bands. Sheet Harbour, Cole Harbour, and Beaver Dam reserves are administered by the Millbrook Band Office because of their sizes.
Paq'tnkek First Nation is located in Antigonish County, Nova Scotia, approximately four kilometres from Exit 23 of the Trans Canada Highway. The reserve is spread out into three parts: the main reserve, divided by the Trans Canada; the second parcel of land in Summerside, where the Church of the St. Anne's Mission is located; and a third parcel of land situated in Heatherton, bordering Pomquet. The community consists of sixty-six houses, thirteen trailers, two duplex apartment buildings, and a row house made up of six apartment units. As of 2006, the population of Paq'tnkek is 498 people - 335 living on-reserve and 163 living off-reserve.
The Mi'kmaq Fish and Wildlife Commission was implemented in November of 1995, the first Aboriginal Fish and Wildlife Office in Nova Scotia. Its mandate was to settle disputes between Mi'kmaq and non-natives. As well, the Commission does its own studies of fish and wildlife to prevent depletion of any species. For example, the Commission regulates the number of deer and moose that can be taken in one season, and limits the number of traps and the amount of fish caught by native peoples.
Paq'tnkek First Nation has an Adult Learning Centre with a student enrollment of 10-18 people. The Supervisor/Teacher is Doreen Prosper, and the Art Teacher is Jim Logan. The Afton First Nation Pre-School is also in operation, with Sharon Prosper - Director, Daycare, Earl Lafford, Laurianne Julian, and Starlene Pictou - Child Development Trainees, Marie Pictou - Spare Worker, Dianne Paul - Janitorial Services.
Paq'tnkek First Nation has a number of small businesses: the"Indian Time Store", Proprietor - Rita Martin; "Mugs and Jugs Store", Proprietor - Judy Julian; and "Afton First Nation Tobacco Shop", Proprietor- Linda Julian.
A larger business concern is the Aboriginal Status Fishery, employing seven people: Fred Sylliboy, Norma Jena Prosper, Billy Googoo, Robert Julian, Shawn Johnson, Patrick Johnson, and Vincent Basque. It operates a 32 foot lobster fishing boat with approximately 300 traps, a 34 foot fishing boat for herring and rock crab with approximately 100 traps, and a 45 foot boat for fishing rock and snow crab, with approximately 100 traps.
Paq'tnkek Housing is another of the larger employers, with a staff of seven: Jody Gillis - Head Tradesman/Contractor, Daniel Johnson - Carpenter Journeyman, James Johnson, Nelson Johnson, John Basque, and Edward Lafford - Carpenter Apprentices.
Paq'tnkek First Nation Sawmill is located on the reserve, adjacent to the Route 4 Highway. Construction of this project began in the fall of 1987, but it is still under development. Its estimated wood production is 35,000 board feet, and it could possibly employ as many as 15 workers on the mill site, with an additional 10-12 workers including truck drivers, skidder operators, and silvaculture workers. The proprietor is John F. Prosper.
From November 27, 2005 - November 26, 2007 the Chief of the reserve is Gerard Julian. The Band Councillors are: Dodd Googoo, Albert Julian, Anne Paul, and Kerry Prosper.
All research for this outline of Paq'tnkek First Nation collected and compiled courtesy of Stephen Simon. Population statistics from Indian Affairs.Stretching along the Bras d'Or Lakes in Nova Scotia is We'koqma'q First Nation with a mountainous backdrop known as Skye Mountain. Running through this area is the Trans-Canada Highway #4. We'koqma'q is approximately 50 kilometers north of the Canso Causeway and 150 kilometers south of Sydney. Next door is its sister village Whycocomagh, which means 'Head of the Waters'. We'koqma'q is made up of 828.5 hectares of land, with 149 homes and a population of 810 - 711 living on-reserve and 99 living off-reserve (as of April 2004). When driving through Waycobah one can often glimpse a bald eagle in the sky overhead, perched on a tree, or even catching fish in the lake.
As you drive through We'koqma'q from the north, Greg's Fuels (service station) is situated on the right, and a bit further down on the right is an Enviro-Depot for recyclable items. Further along on the left is a Catholic church presided over by Father Dan Mac Lellan (who lives off-reserve). Continuing on your right is the band office which also houses the police station, with the band hall off to the side and satellite dishes directly behind the hall that provide cable service (from Strait Area Cable in Port Hawkesbury) to Waycobah. A new band office and police station are currently under construction.
On the Trans-Canada Highway there is a caution light flashing above the intersection where you take a left turn up to Reservation Road. At the top of a small hill on your left is the We'koqma'q First Nation Elementary School, and further down there is a Fire Hall with red double doors, with a Fitness Centre in the back and a Youth Centre to the left. A new fire hall is also presently under construction. Further down the road, you can see the new police station near completion. The new band hall will also be built in this area, and along with the band administrative offices, the building will also contain a daycare, health clinic, and social services department.
Directly across from the site of the new band office is another street called Subdivision Road which is circular and brings you back onto the main reserve road. Subdivision Dairy is on the right side of Subdivision Road, and further up this road the new water tower is visible. Then on your left is the Mi'kmaq Family Treatment Centre, and as you descend the small hill, you eventually return to Reservation Road.
A right turn will take you back to the Trans-Canada Highway, followed by a left turn which places you at a basket shop called 'Negemow', painted in shades of green and yellow. Next to Negemow is the high school, Waycobah First Nation Secondary, for grades 7-12, and beside the school is Rod's One Stop, housing a gas station and pizza place. A bit further down this road is a bridge overlooking the Skye River which runs out to the Bras d"Or Lakes. A few feet past this is a sign marking the end of We'koqma'q First Nation.
We'koqma'q was established in the January 31, 1833, and was originally called Whycocomagh. It was officially declared a band in May of 1958. Before that time, it was under the jurisdiction of the Eskasoni chief and council. It was not until June 24, 1958, that We'koqma'q held its first election for its own chief and council. Presently We'koqma'q holds twenty per cent of Malagawatch along with four other Cape Breton reserves - Eskasoni, Wagmatcook, Chapel Island, and Membertou. The name change from Whycocomagh to Waycobah (and later We'koqma'q) First Nation came about as a result of the efforts of Stuart Basque and Angus Michael Googoo who started a petition among reserve residents to change the name of the community (possibly around the late 1980's). The petition was passed by the chief and council and the name change was approved.
We'koqma'q First Nation Elementary School contains grades primary to six. The philosophy of education at We'koqma'q might best be summed up this way: Mtlkmanenow Knijannaq (to encourage our children) wulo'ti-iktuk, iapju Kina'masultinow (in a safe and supportive environment, to become life-long learners) ta'n mkite'lsultitaq aqq (who respect themselves and) mstt skwijinu'k mkite'ttmnow (others, have pride) ta'n wetapeksulti'tij aqq (in their culture, and) mtlkimtnuaqatinow wula'taqatinew (possess a strong desire to succeed). The high school, We'koqma'q First Nation Secondary, is in a building that was originally a grocery store called The Lucky Dollar, owned by the late Chief Wayne Googoo, father of our present chief, Morley Googoo. It was also a restaurant known as the Island View, owned and operated by the band council. It later became the premises of the We'koqma'q School Board and temporary child care centre, until finally becoming our high school in the fall of 1994.
Two programs are offered in grades 7 to 9 - the regular and the alternative. With the regular program the student can enter either the academic or modified programs. The academic program leads to university, technical school, or other specialized post-secondary studies, while the modified program leads to upgrading, trade school, or the work force. The alternative program leads directly to the senior high alternative program from which the student enters the work force, adult training, or community college. The I.E.P. is also available, providing an individualized education program for the special needs student.
The We'koqma'q Childcare Centre is operated by the band council under its coordinator Bernadette Basque. Currently located in the elementary school, it will move its premises to the new band office building once construction is completed. The daycare is open five days a week and has four full and part time employees in addition to the coordinator.
The Enviro-Depot is managed by Waycobah Secondary under the direction of John Leonard Bernard, John William Cremo, and alternate program students. The Enviro-Depot is part of the provincial Recovery Program, and currently can only accept drinks containers. It is housed in the former fishery building, purchased in May, 1998.
The Reserve Clinic has doctors available on Tuesdays and Thursdays, and Community Health Nurse Karen Mudge on Mondays and Wednesdays. The community health representative (C.H.R) is Theresa Cremo.
The Mi'kmaq Family Treatment Centre is a transition facility for abused women and children. Program coordinator is Jean Mac Lean and other staff include Jean Walker - administrative assistant, Beverly Googoo - night support worker, Kelly Bernard and Matilda Pierro - women's support counsellors, Annie Bernard - assistant counsellor, Margaret Joe - children's counsellor, Christine Metallic - women's Outreach worker, and John James Gould - men's Outreach worker. The telephone number is 902-756-3340, or for crisis support, 1-800-565-3440.
The Fitness Centre is also known as the 'Pumphouse', and is currently located in the fire hall building. Its staff includes Darlene Ellis - fitness instructor, and Kevin Bernard and Anthony Phillips - instructors.
A new police station is currently under construction. Two constables who patrol the reserve operate out of the old band office at present. The band also employs a dog control officer, Terry Gould, to prevent dogs from roaming on the reserve and to enforce by-laws.
The fire chief is John William Cremo, who supervises the activities of approximately thirty volunteers. The telephone number of the fire hall is 902-756-2220.
The following list shows the chiefs and councillors of We'koqma'q First Nation from the time of its first election in June of 1958:
